Keepalived双机热备

这里我们仅仅只利用Keepalive做双机热备，也就是保证服务器的高可用性，其他的不用管。可能您会说这样在实际应用中很少会这样用，这您可就错了，Keepalived仅仅做双机热备的情况还是有的，我就碰到过几次这样的案例，下面就我碰到的几个案例做个小结

一，Keepalived双机热备的应用场景

1，网站流量不高，压力不大，但是对服务器的可靠性要求极其高，例如实时在线OA系统，政府部门网站系统，医院实时报医系统，公安局在线报案系统，股市后台网站系统等等，他们的压力不是很大，但是对可靠性要求是非常高的

2，有钱没地方花的，典型的政府企业，公办学校等等

二，Keepalived双机热备的特性以及优缺点

特性：

1，至少需要两台服务器，其中一台为master始终提供服务，另外一台作为backup始终处于空闲状态，只有在主服务器挂掉的时候他就来帮忙了，这是典型的双击热备

2，能根据需求判断服务是否可用，在不可用的时候要即使切换

优缺点：

优点：数据同步非常简单，不像负载均衡对数据一致性要求非常高，实现起来相对复杂维护也颇为不便，双机热备用rsync就可以实现了操作和维护非常简单

缺点：服务器有点浪费，始终有一台处于空闲状态

三，Keepalived双机热备的配置
首先画个双机热备拓扑图吧：

这里我只写最终实现的配置，至于Keepalived的理论知识请参考《Keepalived原理与实战精讲》

1，本例通过Keepalived来实现两台LNMP(也就是linux+nginx+mysql+php)架构服务器的双机热备

LNMP的配置请参考：《Lnmp配置精讲第一版》

2，Keepalived配置双机安装配置

1》Keepalived安装

keepalived官方地址：http://www.keepalived.org/download.html，大家可以到这里下载最新版本的keepalived

操作系统：centos 5.5 32bit
系统安装：最小化安装，也就是去掉所有组件
环境配置：安装make 和 gcc openssl openssl-devel等等

预编译后出现：

这里注意哦，我上面是指通用的安装方法，如果你没有用到LVS可以把lvs去掉即
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/keepalived --with-kernel-dir=/usr/src/kernels/2.6.18-238.19.1.el5-i686/ --disable-lvs-syncd --disable-lvs

但这个没有影响，就按照我的来配置吧，不过如果你要是集成了LVS，那么就不可加这两个参数了哦

整理管理文件：
cp /usr/local/keepalived/sbin/keepalived /usr/sbin/
cp /usr/local/keepalived/etc/sysconfig/keepalived /etc/sysconfig/
cp /usr/local/keepalived/etc/rc.d/init.d/keepalived /etc/init.d/


建立配置文件目录(注意：keepalived的配置文件默认在/etc/keepalived/目录)
mkdir -p /etc/etc/keepalived/

两台服务器(两个节点)都这样安装即可

2》配置

节点A配置如下：
vi /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf

节点B配置如下：
vi /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf

四，启动调试
在节点A上启动
/usr/local/keepalived/sbin/keepalived

启动日志：
Sep  8 18:26:02 centosa Keepalived_vrrp: Registering Kernel netlink reflector
Sep  8 18:26:02 centosa Keepalived_vrrp: Registering Kernel netlink command channel
Sep  8 18:26:02 centosa Keepalived_vrrp: Registering gratutious ARP shared channel
Sep  8 18:26:02 centosa Keepalived_vrrp: Opening file '/etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf'.
Sep  8 18:26:02 centosa Keepalived_vrrp: Configuration is using : 36076 Bytes
Sep  8 18:26:02 centosa Keepalived_vrrp: Using LinkWatch kernel netlink reflector...
Sep  8 18:26:02 centosa Keepalived: Starting VRRP child process, pid=5606
Sep  8 18:26:07 centosa Keepalived_vrrp: VRRP_Instance(lnmp) Transition to MASTER STATE
Sep  8 18:26:12 centosa Keepalived_vrrp: VRRP_Instance(lnmp) Entering MASTER STATE
Sep  8 18:26:12 centosa avahi-daemon[2528]: Registering new address record for 192.168.17.200 on eth0.


在节点B上启动
/usr/local/keepalived/sbin/keepalived

开机自动启动
echo /usr/local/keepalived/sbin/keepalived >> /etc/rc.local

启动日志：
Sep  8 18:30:02 centosb Keepalived: Starting Keepalived v1.2.2 (09/08,2011)
Sep  8 18:30:02 centosb Keepalived: Starting Healthcheck child process, pid=5837
Sep  8 18:30:02 centosb Keepalived_vrrp: Registering Kernel netlink reflector
Sep  8 18:30:02 centosb Keepalived_vrrp: Registering Kernel netlink command channel
Sep  8 18:30:02 centosb Keepalived_vrrp: Registering gratutious ARP shared channel
Sep  8 18:30:02 centosb Keepalived: Starting VRRP child process, pid=5839
Sep  8 18:30:02 centosb kernel: IPVS: Registered protocols (TCP, UDP, AH, ESP)
Sep  8 18:30:02 centosb kernel: IPVS: Connection hash table configured (size=4096, memory=32Kbytes)
Sep  8 18:30:02 centosb kernel: IPVS: ipvs loaded.
Sep  8 18:30:02 centosb Keepalived_healthcheckers: Registering Kernel netlink reflector
Sep  8 18:30:02 centosb Keepalived_healthcheckers: Registering Kernel netlink command channel
Sep  8 18:30:02 centosb Keepalived_healthcheckers: Opening file '/etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf'.
Sep  8 18:30:02 centosb Keepalived_vrrp: Opening file '/etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf'.
Sep  8 18:30:02 centosb Keepalived_vrrp: Configuration is using : 36252 Bytes
Sep  8 18:30:02 centosb Keepalived_vrrp: Using LinkWatch kernel netlink reflector...
Sep  8 18:30:02 centosb Keepalived_healthcheckers: Configuration is using : 6271 Bytes
Sep  8 18:30:02 centosb Keepalived_healthcheckers: Using LinkWatch kernel netlink reflector...
Sep  8 18:30:02 centosb Keepalived_vrrp: VRRP_Instance(lnmp) Entering BACKUP STATE

从日志可以看出，启动都没有问题，并且安装我给的优先级完成了竞选，各自成就了各自的状态

关闭节点A的网卡测试切换是否正常
ifdown eth0

观察节点B的日志：
Sep  8 18:32:55 centosb Keepalived_vrrp: VRRP_Instance(lnmp) Transition to MASTER STATE
Sep  8 18:33:00 centosb Keepalived_vrrp: VRRP_Instance(lnmp) Entering MASTER STATE
Sep  8 18:33:00 centosb avahi-daemon[2531]: Registering new address record for 192.168.17.200 on eth0.


启动节点A的网卡测试切换是否正常
ifup eth0
观察节点B的日志：
Sep  8 18:33:31 centosb Keepalived_vrrp: VRRP_Instance(lnmp) Received higher prio advert
Sep  8 18:33:31 centosb Keepalived_vrrp: VRRP_Instance(lnmp) Entering BACKUP STATE
Sep  8 18:33:31 centosb avahi-daemon[2531]: Withdrawing address record for 192.168.17.200 on eth0.

Received higher prio advert：表示接收到更高优先级的公告(advert公告的意思)
Withdrawing：撤回的意思，可以看出切换过程一目了然


OK，到这里我们的安装部分完成，下面我们来看看如何监控服务吧，我们这里仅仅是监控了网络故障和keepalived本身进程，在网络或者keepalived进程出现问题的时候会切换，但是我的节点A里面还有很多服务呢，例如nginx，PHP，mysql进程出问题或高负载的时候相应过慢怎么办，怎么切换的呢，这时就要用到脚本了，下面我们来看看keepalived是如何控制脚本来实现对服务器的监控和切换的

写个脚本来实时监控三个服务，若有一个出现问题遍切换mkdir /root/shell/
cd /root/shell
vi keepcheck.sh

注意，用/etc/init.d/keepalived start如果起不来，可以用/usr/local/keepalived/sbin/keepalived二进制文件直接执行启动即可
启动脚本：

节点B也用这个脚本

写入/etc/rc.local开机自动启动

可以测试了

本文就写完了，这个可以用于生产环境，本人环境就这样配置的，但不同业务有不同环境，一定要按需调整，不要盲目盲从！